
Gass /"I)-:/;/ 

Book 'C<^ t^ 9^ 



"The City of Smokestacks" 



Rere^t 



WASHINGTON 



"The City of Smokestacks" 

Everett ^ 

The New Manufacturing an 
Commercial City 

Great Northern F^ailway on Puget Sound 

i The Pacific Home of the Famous Whaleback Steamship.' 



EMORY S. LYON, Ass'T Gen'l Manager, 

the: EVERETT LAND COMPANY, 

23S L-A Salle Strete-t, Room 5 Gramd PAcrRio, CH1CA(30. 

AF^TEIF? rsi CZ> V E: rVl B E: R 1, -1S93, EVERETT, W A. S M I FVJ G T O M . 



The Everett Land Company, 

EVERETT, WASHINGTON. 

HENRY HEWITT, Jr., President. GARDNER COLBY, Treasurer. 

E. B. BARTLETT, Vice-President. HENRY A. SCHENCK, Secretary. 

SCHUYLER DURYEE, General Manager. 

TRUSTEES: 

CHARL"ES L. COLBY, New York City. HENRY HEWITT, Jr., Tacoma. 

COLGATE HOYT, New York City. SCHUYLER DURYEE, Everett. 

CHARLES \V. WETMORE, New York City. F. H. BROWNELL, Everett. 

E. B. BARTLETT, New York City. A. L. UICKERMAN, Everett. 

GEORGE S. BROWN, Everett. 



„— „ NEW/ YORK Of^RlCE: 36 WA1_1_ S-rREET. 



E^e^ 



THE GENESIS OF THE NEW CITY. 



IX the fall of '89 the famous " Whaleback" sought a home on the Pacific. The odd looking, innovating 
craft which had come so bluntly and aggressively into the carrying trade of the Great Lakes, had proven 

a remarkable success. In the commerce of the lakes it had already taken the lead. The Trans- 
.Atlantic voyages of the " Wetmore " had in the heavier cargoes, and consequent heavier profits over other 
ships, demonstrated the superiority of the " Whaleback " for ocean as well as lake trade. With abundant 
capital and the confidence of attained success, its builders sought a wider field. Attracted by the rich 
possibilities of the large and growing Pacific Coastwise and the Oriental trade, they determined to plant 
a barge works on the western coast. 

The Pacific Northwest was then gaining toward the full swing of its newer development. Its rapid 
but substantial growth, the wealth of its forests of timber, its wheat fields and fruit lands, its deposits of 
coal and iron in conjunction, its gold and silver, the centering of four great trans-continental lines on the 
magnificent harborage of Ptiget Sound, all fixed on Washington as the State where eventually would be 
found the larger centers of commerce, manufacturing and trade for the coast. Toward Washington the 
owners of the "Whaleback" turned. 

The competition for the new works was sharp and spirited. But instead of an established city, the 
barge company chose an insolated site peculiarly adapted to their purposes. It had a history. 



A Port Gardner Reminiscence. 

Thirty miles north of Seattle, close-sheltered from the winds and offering every desired depth of anchor- 
age, lay the island-locked harbor known as Port Gardner. Into it emptied the Snohomish, a broad, navi- 
gable river; between the river and harbor ran a long peninsula of gentle elevation; the river again offered 
the single point on the Sound where a fresh-water harbor lay contiguous to the sea. It was an ideal site 
for a city. Twenty years before when the whole Sound basin was, save for the village of Olympia and a 
few saw-mill settlements, but a deep-timbered wilderness, the committee from the Northern Pacific Board 
of Directors who came out to select a terminal point for that road, then creeping across the continent to 
the Pacific, narrowed their decisions to three places. Port Gardner was one of the three. On either of the 
others now grow flourishing cities; Port Gardner was still a wilderness. 

It was this point that the Whaleback builders chose for the location of the new barge-works. Other 
enterprises seeking new locations in the west were also attracted by the feasibility of the site. A wealthy 
lumberman determined to plant a large shingle mill here. A paper manufacturer visiting the coast and 
perceiving the store of available timber and the open market, located a paper mill. A wire nail factory 
followed. Later it became apparent that the Great Northern Railroad, pushing across the continent, would 
follow the Snohomish down the western slope of the Cascades and strike tide-water first at this point. * 

From this nucleus sprang Everett. 

A Point of Vantage. 

The law of natural selection was strong in favor of the new site. Although Seattle and Tacoma to 
the south, and Whatcom and Fairhaven to the north were firmly established cities, Everett had advantages 
which the others did not possess. It had a salt-water harbor equal to any, and a fresh-water harbor beside. 
It lay at the mouth of the Snohomish, and near to that of the Skagit, the greatest logging river of Puget 
Sound's magnificent timber belt; and the Stillaguamish, too, emptied but a few miles to the north; Everett 



was the nearest point adjacent. Logs could be floated down these streams, cut into lumber, and loaded 
at the mills into the ships for Australia, England and other countries to which Puget Sound annually ships 
immense quantities of timber, without intermediate hauling or loading. 

The Snohomish at its mouth forms a delta of four distinct courses all of which can be made available 
for shipping. The river is navigable for ocean going vessels for six or eight miles from its mouth and the 
water is deep to its very banks. .\nd here is the single point on the entire stretch of the Pacific Coast 
where it is possible to have free from obstructions to navigation, perfect access to fresh-water. Everett 
has naturally what it will cost Seattle $4,000,000 to acquire and what it costs the government enormous sums 
annually to maintain for Portland. 

When these facts are put in consideration with the shipping facilities by rail, it will be seen that 
though a late comer among Sound Cities, equipped as it is with many points of vantage, Everett is by no 
means handicapped in the race. 

The Basis of Development. 

It is as a city of manufacturing and commerce that Everett will find its development. To the growth 
of the industries already established, will, under the liberal policy of its projectors, be added others of equal 
value and importance. A shingle mill with a capacity of a million a day, a flour mill and wheat warehouse, 
and a woolen mill are projected. The presence of fine coking coal and large bodies of e.xcellent magnetic 
iron, will make coking ovens and an iron and steel works at Everett an industry of the near future. There 
is an e.xcellent field for a tannery, shoe factories, lead works, furniture factories, etc. Four brick and tile 
works flourish, and Everett clay makes a fine vitrified brick. 

The field is wide and new, fuel is cheap and plentiful, the home market excellent, and shipping facilities 
of the best. The Everett Land Company invites correspondence with manufacturers seeking new locations. 




; : I 







Vi\ NTIQV, vlftRWi. 'iM'LV.tW. 



A RAILWAY CENTER. 



WITH the railways built and building, Everett will be one of the principal railway centers of the 
Coast. The main line of the Seattle & Montana, which has passed into the control of the Great 
Northern, extends from Seattle to New Westminster, in British Columbia, affording connections, at 
Seattle for Tacoma, Portland, San Francisco and the South, and at New Westminster for Vancouver, 
Victoria, and the Canadian Pacific. The Everett & Monte Cristo, extending east, opens up mining districts 
of marvelous promise and offers a route of great scenic beauty. The recent completion of the Great 
Northern through to Everett bids fair to revolutionize transcontinental business. The road is one of the 
triumphs of modern engineering skill. The swiftness of its construction, the comparative low cost, its 
direct route and easy grades, and its shortening of the rail distance overland, have marked its rapid march 
across the continent with conspicuous interest. 

Its railway position, briefly stated, is, that at Everett, the transcontinental line of the Great North- 
ern first reaches tide-water, making from Everett the Shortest Haul to the East of any city on the 
Pacific Coast. 



The distance from Pacific Coast cities to Chicago is as follows : 

San Francisco via Union and Southern Pacific m 

Portland via Northern Pacific 

Tacoma via Northern Pacific • ■ . 

Seattle via Northern Pacific 

\'ancouver via Canadian Pacific 

Everett via Great Northern 



les, 2,420 
2,472 
2.327 
2,340 

2,373 
2,166 



In short, tonnage between the East and the Pacific Coast requires a shipment of 250 miles further to 
and from San Francisco and other cities than from Everett. 



The Great Northern road crosses the Cascades through a pass in sight from Everett, follows the south 
fork of the Skykomish to the Snohomish and down the latter, reaching the Sound at its mouth, where it 
joins the north and south road of the Seattle & Montana. Here, at Everett, traffic and travel will part 
into two currents, one southward to Seattle, Taconia and Portland, the other northward to Fairhaven, What- 
com, Blaine and the Canadian cities. The importance of Everett is appreciated by the Great Northern 
management and provisions are being made to care for a heavy tralific at this point, for the shipment of 
the city's manufactures and the extensive ocean commerce which naturally grows up at the end of every 
transcontinental line. Arrangements have been made for terminal grounds at this point, on a tresh water 
harbor, with room for loo miles of side-tracks, together with ample wharfage and other facilities for the 
transhipment of coal, grain and other merchandise from rail to ocean and coasting vessels. 

Now that the Great Northern road has established the most direct connection between the Great 
Lakes and Puget Sound, Everett will have railroad facilities far superior to any city on the Pacific Coast. 

Everett is reached also by the Northern Pacific and the Canadian Pacific Railways through their con- 
nections and is a terminal point on each line. Passengers and freight have the choice of three transcon- 
tinental lines, the Great Northern, Northern Pacific and Canadian Pacific Railways. 

President Hill's Speech. 

At a banquet given in hon(n" of President Hill, of the Great Northern Railway, at the Bay \'iew Hotel 
in February, i8g2, at which President Hewitt, of the Everett Land Companv, jiresided, .Mr. Hill said: 

" Mr. Hewitt said that I promised to give you a forty-cent rate to Duluth. That is not a low rate. It is 
in excess of the average rate we are charging on our line to-day. All we ask is for you to have the 
stuff to ship. The distance from here to Chicago is from 230 to 250 miles less than from .San Francisco to 
Chicago. 

" Vour distance from Puget Sound to Chicago is less than any other city on the .Sound or Pacific CoaSt, 
and I can't help it if I were to cry my eyes out. [Cheers.] Your distance is 2,166 miles, wliile that of San 



Francisco is 2,420 miles. You will see, therefore, that in hauling your freight to Chicago we start out with 
the advantage of saving ten per cent, in distance and that is an important item in operating expenses. We 
start out to haul from two to two and one-half times as much as any other road, because our road is practi- 
cally level, and you see we can make you quite neighborly with Chicago. 

" Many of us have seen Chicago grow from a population of 100,000 people to its present size. What 
made this wonderful growth? The country behind that city. That must make any city grow. You have 
here, on the ground and under the ground, as much natural wealth as any portion of the continent. If 1 
were going to name the wealthiest counties in the country, I would name Whatcom, Skagit, SNOHOMISH 
and King, all lying on Puget Sound, considering what is on the ground and what is under the grotftid. You 
have coal, iron, gold, silver, lead, stone and timber. You have the soil that produced this timber. 

" Your timber interests are your greatest source of wealth. Next to that may be mentioned your min- 
erals, and last your agricultural resources. The Palouse country is known the world over as the greatest 
wheat-growing country on the continent. West of the Cascades you have more opportunities to make ton- 
nage than the Palouse country, because your land is more productive. But aside from that, nature has given . 
you more tonnage in the way of timber, and more tonnage can be taken from a single acre of ground by 
utilizing your timber than you can produce in the way of grain on the same amount of land in a hundred years. 

"Your principal foreign trade will be with Japan. We are ambitious enough to put on a line of fast- 
going ships from our western terminal to run to Japan. [Applause.] 

" When we come here we must get along harmoniously. Yesterdav I saw more new work than I have 
seen in a long time, and I know it was not boom, but solid work. You have selected a good place to 
build ships and make paper. 

" Our headliglits 'wilt illuiniiic all the eastern slopes of your hills, at Everett first, and here ive uiill 
change horses and change direction. Depend upon it, the rest you must do. You have no 1 eason to fear 
any city south of you. 

" You will find that we will treat you all well. We could be persuaded not to haul our tonnage any 
further than is absolutely necessary to reach Puget Sound." [Great applause.] 



1!^ 



V. 




/ /{i 



The Everett & Monte Cristo. 

Eastward from Everett and reaching into the heart of the Cascades, is the line of the Everett & Monte 
Cristo Railroad. This line, built by the Colby-Hoyt Syndicate, which has also acquired heavy interests in 
some of the richest Monte Cristo mines, taps the newly discovered mining districts at the head of the Stilla- 
guamish and the Sauk for the reduction works at Everett. The road traverses the valley of the south fork of 
the Stillaguamish, and crossing a low pass, follows the Sauk River up the valley five miles to Monte Cristo. 
The line is fiftv-one miles in length and reaches the mining districts of Silver Gulch, the Stillaguamish, 
Copper Lake and Monte Cristo. The single purpose of the road is to open up the mines, enough ore 
being now ready for shipment to insure profitable working. The cost of construction was about $1,800,000. 
John T. McBride is general manager. 

It is now probable that the sharp competition, enforced by the completion of the Great Northern, will 
lead the Northern Pacific to complete its Washington Central extension westward to the coast. The line is 
under operation for 150 miles west of Spokane, and its extension over the mountains would secure a cut-off 
several hundred miles shorter than the present route. The line could hardly, and certainly would not, be 
built to the Sound without reaching Everett. 

The following is the rail distance from Everett to the principal cities : 

Seattle .miles, 33 Spokane miles, 314 

Tacoma " 64 St. Paul " 1,794 

Portland " 209 Chicago " 2,166 

San Francisco " 9S1 New York " 3,079 



THE CITY OF SMOKESTACKS." 



•iri I. THOUGH in active existence only a year, Everett has already larger and more important Industrie 
^\ tlian any otlier city on Puget Sound. Its manufactories give e?iiployment to upwards of i,ooo mei 
V_, with monthly pay-rolls exceeding $60,000, and represent a capitalization of over §3,000,000. Witl 
its barge works, its nail factory, its paper mill, its smelting works, its iron works, its- extensive shingle 
and limiber mills, and its brick and tile factories, Everett has been very fitly described as the "City o 
Smokestacks." Certainly few cities ever began life upon so solid and enduring a foundation. Its indus 
tries are, moreover, permanent, profitable and diversified, differing wholly in ownershi]j; they have beei 
drawn to tlie coast 1)v the favoring markets and abundant supply uf raw material; they have fixed thei 
location in F.verett because of the advantages it offered. 

The "Whaleback" Works. 

No more important industry has come to the Pacific coast of late years than the works of the American 
Steel Barge Company, the builders of the "whaleback." Reference has already been made to the manner 
in which the company sought a location on the Sound, and the factors that determined the location to 
Everett. Here was found a fresh-water harbor unobstructed and not dangerous of access. It was, moreover 
a seaboard and not an inland point. 




'— ~'i:&^ #=0--^ ^ 



Some 5250,000 has thus far been expended in the Everett plant, which is organized as the Pacific Steel 
Barge Company; Colgate Hoyt, of New York, president; C. W. Wetmore, vice-president, and Capt. 
Alexander McDougall, (the inventor and designer of the whaleback,) general manager. The company has 
a capital stock of $600,000, which will be increased shortly to Si, 000,000. The works are located near the 
mouth of the Snohomish River and occupy seventy-five acres of ground. Included in the plant are four 
large buildings; the furnace room, 100x200 feet, the punch shop, 100x211 feet, the carpenter shop and 
moulding loft, 50 x 200 feet, and the general office, 40 x 100 feet. The buildings have a floor area of 53,000 
square feet. In connection therewith one of the largest dry- docks in the United States is under construction. 

At the Everett works the owners will build a fleet of whalebacks for the Pacific. They intend to 
establish a line for the Pacific coast trade and a steamship line to the Orient. At the parent works at 
West Superior, Wisconsin; the company is now building an average of ten boats per year, employing 
upwards of i,loo men. The vessels have fairly revolutionized the carrying trade of the Great Lakes and 
bid fair to do the same on the high seas. 

The initial work of the Pacific plant is the whaleback steamer "Everett," designed to replace the 
" C. W. Wetmore," lost off Coos Bay in a fog. The latter, after earning its cost of construction several 
times ill the trade of the lakes, made the famous voyage from West Superior via the Welland canal to 
Liverpool, returnin;.; to New York and then rounding Cape Horn, bringing machinery for the factories of 
Everett. The new vessel will be a much larger and more complete boat than the Wetmore, as the following 

figures disclose: 

"C. W. WETMORE," 
Length, 264 feet; beam, 38 feet; engine horse power, 700; tonnage, 3,000. 

"EVERETT," 
Length, 360 feet; beam, 42 feet; engine horse power, 1,800; tonnage, 4,700. 



The Everett will be launched about September ist. Construction of others will soon follow. The 
intentions of the company are indicated in the fact that the works at Everett have the room and facilities 
for the construction of from ei.ght to twelve whalebacks at the same time. 

A Pacific Coast Nail Factory. 

The Everett Nail Works grew out of an investigation of a Brooklyn manufacturer. The latter com- 
puted that upwards of half a million kegs of wire nails were consumed annually by the Pacitic coast, the 
Inilk of which was supplied by the mills of the Atlantic coast. A freight tariff for the intervening 3,000 
miles was levied on the Pacific coast consumption. The manufacturer, Mr. A. R. Whitney, president of 
the Brooklyn Wire Nail Company, shortly after organized the Puget Sound Wire Nail and Steel Company, 
and Irxed the location of the new works at Everett. The company has a capital of $300,000, $200,000 of 
which has been expended in the plant at E\erett. 

In equipment and design the works are perhaps the most perfect of any yet constructed, including 
as tliey do the latest models of improved nail macliines, and suggestions for economical and labor-saving 
working, drawn from careful observations of the best factories of the United States. The location is upon 
tide-water, enabling the vessels bringing the steel rods from ICurope to draw up alongside and discharge 
their cargoes at the factory direct. The plant comprises a warehouse 60x200 feet, Avith a goo foot dock; 
cleaning house 100 x 100 feet, fitted with hydraulic lifts, vats and furnaces; wire and nail room 80x460 
feet; keg factory 52x84 feet; and a tire-i)roof boiler house 45x50 feet. 

The nail room is equipped with lifty-six of the A. R. Whitney patent machines of the latest style; one 
of these makes the largest wire nail in the United .States, turning out a spike thirteen inches in length. 



The machines are almost automatic in operation, one man being sufficient to care for several cutters. 
Everything in the line of wire nails is manufactured, from the thirteen inch spike to the smallest brad. 

The company makes its own kegs from the logs floated to its wharf. The wire drawing room is 
fitted with improved machinery of the most desirable design, furnishing every thickness of wire from 
half an inch down to 20-gauge. It manufactures all kinds of cable, grape, hop-yard, hay-baling and fence 
wire. Power is supplied from two Corliss engines of aggregate 400 horse-power, and the works are 
lighted by 150 Edison electric lights. 

The capacity of the drawing room is 350 tons of wire per week; that of the nail room is 1000 kegs 
per day. From the Everett factory the company will supply the coast trade from California to British 
Columbia, and their export trade to Japan, China, Sandwich Islands and Australia. The entire shipment 
of raw material is by water, around the Horn. Five vessels have thus far brought 5000 tons of rods 
around the Horn and another vessel is now eii route from Antwerp with an additional thousand tons. 

The management of the plant is in the hands of A. R. Whitney, Jr., a practical nail manufacturer. 
With the advantage of low water freights, with an assured trade, and in the hands of experienced men 
the enterprise is already a demonstrated success. 

Paper from Wood Pulp. 

The development uf the wood pulp industry, so rapid in the last few years, brought an important 
enterprise to Everett. On Puget Sound there is a practically unlimited supply of the finest quality of 
pulp wood. This is especially true along the Snohomish and Skagit Rivers, in the vicinity of Everett. 
A prominent paper manufacturer. Col. A. G. Paine, president of the New York and Pennsylvania Paper 



1 ^i "Irl 




^.^'^ 






U])i' I', it I '•.:;',< 













Co., made a thorough investigation of the field, and in the spring of iSgi joined with Henry Hewitt, Jr., 
of Tacoma, in the formation of the Puget Sound Pulp and Paper Company. The Company has a capital 
of $500,000. Mr. Hewitt is president and Col. Paine, vice-president. 

The plant is located on the banks of the Snohomish River, and is distant from the center of the city 
about two miles. The works and yards occupy some twenty-eight acres. The main building is 80 feet 
wide, 412 feet long, and two stories high. The central portion of the building is of brick, 44 feet high; 
the remainder 30 feet high. The machine room is 52x164 feet and two stories high. A third building, 
the warehouse, is of like dimensions. 

The mill is equipped throughout with the most modern machinery and the latest improved appliances. 
In the central or brick huildmg are five steel-welded digesters, each 7 feet in diameter and 28 feet high, 
without seams or rivets. Of the two large paper machines, one is 94, the other 106 inches wide. They 
were made by the Pusey & Jones Co., of Wilmington, Del. The machines have 15 drivers each and run 
from 200 to 225 feet per minute. Four large engines are required in the propulsion of the machinery, with a 
total of 525 horse-power. The main engine, built by Robt. Wetherill, of Chester, Pa., is of 250 horse-power. 
The beatmg room is equipped with four 1,000 pound Home beating engines of the latest patent, one 1,200 
pound open tub beater, and two Jordan engines for the preparation of the pulp for the paper machines. 

The entire cost of the plant was about 8400,000, and its capacity is fifteen tons of paper per day. The 
company employs upward of one hundred and twenty-five men, and the value of the monthly product of 
four hundred tons is between 830,000 and §40,000. Fir, cotton-wood and spruce are the chief woods used in 
the process — woods abundant in this section. Along the Snohomish and tributary streams and within a dozen 
miles of the mill is a quantity of first quality pulp wood, sufficient to supply the mill for generations. The 
soda-pulp process is employed, it being the only mill of that description this side of the Rocky Mountains. 



Book, express, wrapping and writing manillas form the chief products of the mill. The mill is the largest 
of its kind west of the Mississippi, and recently produced for exhibition at the World's Fair the largest 
continuous roll of paper ever made. It was eight feet wide and more than five miles in length. At the 
present time the mill is crowded to its utmost capacity and is very much in arrears in filling orders. 

A Natural Lumber Depot. 

Whatever great interests shall hereafter be developed, the chief factor thus far m the growth and 
prosperity of Puget Sound has been the wonderful wealth of its forests. In value and extent they are 
exceeded by neither the forests of Wisconsin, Michigan, Maine nor the South. A glance at the map will 
reveal Everett's relation to this interest. Into the eastern arm of the Sound ifow three great logging rivers — 
the Snohomish, Stillaguamish and the Skagit. To Everett, lying at the lower end of the arm, these are 
naturally tributary. They are, indeed, commanded by no other city. Add to this the logging country 
opened up by the Great Northern and the Everett & Monte Cristo, which meet tide-water here, and Everett's 
position will be appreciated. In the sharper competition following the development of this great industry, 
these considerations will increase in importance and become determining factors in the location of mills. 

Twelve industries in the manufacture of lumber and wood products are already located at Everett. 
They represent a capital employed of upwards of $200,000, give employment to between 300 and 400 men, 
and turn out a product exceeding S75,ooo in value each month. It is worth noting that none of these 
industries are yet of great size, and represent rather, a basis for development. 

At Lowell, the E. D. Smith Lumber Co. has a capital of 550,000 and gives employment in mill and 
camp to 100 men. A short distance below, the J. E. Hart Lumber Co. has a capital of S6o,ooo and employs 



35 men in its saw and latli mills. At the end of the 14th Street wharf on the bay side, is J. E. Bell's saw 
mill, employing 45 men. These three saw mills have a combined capacity of 150,000 feet per day. 

Two prosperous sash and door factories exist. The Riverside iVIiU Co., with a capital of Sio,ooo and 
employing 13 men, is located on the river front. Parminter and Robinson are found on the bay side. 

The Everett Wooden Ware Works, with a capital of 850,000, manufactures tubs, pails and the like 
and runs a small shingle mill and furnishes employment to 50 men. 

Puget Sound Shingles. 

The great success which has attended the introduction of the red cedar shingles of Puget Sound in the 
east, has opened up for this section an industry of great promise, an industry that on a careful estimate 
already brings to the Sound between 825,000 and 830,000 in cash per day, or upwards of 88,000,000 per 
annum. Everett now has four shingle mills, cutting half a million per day, with another determined upon, 
which will nearly quadruple this output. 

The Port Gardner Red Cedar Lumber Company, Messrs. Neff & Mish, proprietors, has a capital of 
840,000, employs 44 men and cuts 250,000 shingles per day. The mill is perfect in its equipment, seizing 
the log from the water and tinally landing it in a bundle of shingles in the drying-room almost entirely 
by mechanical devices. The capacity of the company will be doubled shortly. Their location is at the 
end of the 14th street wharf. Blackman Bros., on the peninsula, cut 100,000 shingles per day and employ 
in all 20 men. The I'-verett Shmgle Company, on the river front, cuts go.ooo shingles per day and employs 
20 men. Darling S: .-VUen, on the bay side, cut 50,000 shingles per day and employ 20 men. 



List of Manufacturing Industries at Everett. 



Pacific Steel Barge Co ... . 

Puget Sound Wire Nail & Steel Co, 
Puget Sound Pulp & Paper Co. . . . 

Putfet Sound Reduction Co 

Neff & Mish Shingle Co 

Smith Lumber Co 

J. F. Hart & Co 

Riverside Mill Co 

jas. E. Bell (Saw Mill) 

Blackman Bros. (Shingle' 
Parminter, Robinson & Co 

M. ]. Darling & Co 

Everett Shingle Co 

Everett Electric Brick Co 
Everett Mosaic Tile Co 

Bast's Brick Yard 

Sherman & Wasson 

McAllister's Machine Shop 

Cripper & Schofield 

Everett Cornice 'Works 

Sumner Manufacturing Co ... . 

Everett Chair Co 

Everett Wooden-Ware 'Works 
Pulley Factory 

* Annual. 




50,000 GO 
10,000 00 



Cost of Plant 



$135,000 00 

200,000 00 

400,000 00 

200,000 00 

40,000 00 

50,000 00 

50,000 00 

5,000 00 
15,000 00 
12,000 00 

8,000 00 

4,500 00 

8,000 00 
10,000 00 
10,000 00 

8,000 00 
12,000 00 

3,500 00 
15,000 00 

3,000 00 
75,000 00 



Number 

Hands 

Employed 



135 
80 

125 

150 
44 

100 
35 
13 
45 



25,000 00 
10,000 00 



Monthly Pay Roll 



Value of Monthly 
Output 



$ 6,000 00 
4,400 00 

6,400 00 

10,000 00 
3,500 00 
5,500 00 
2,000 00 

goo 00 
2,500 00 

1,600 00 

800 00 

1,600 00 

1,600 00 

500 00 

800 00 

1,500 00 

1,800 00 

500 00 

700 00 

500 00 

7,000 00 



3,000 00 
1,500 00 



$400,000 00* 

30,000 00 
35,000 00 

100,000 00 
10,000 00 
20,000 00 
10.000 00 
2,500 00 
10,000 00 

. 5,000 00 

5,000 00 

4,500 00 
5,000 00 
2,000 00 

6,000 00 

5,000 00 

4,000 00 

1,500 00 
2,500 00 
1,500 00 
15,000 00 



7,000 00 
15,000 00 



THE GOLD AND SILVER MINES. 



'TT LTHOL'GH the district of Silver Creek is an old one, and the presence of gold and silver this side 
l^ of the divide has long been known, it was not until the discovery of the great ledges of the Monte 
V-. Cristo, that mining in the Western Cascades gained its present activity. Lack of transportation 
has been a later bar. The construction of the Great Northern and the Everett & JVlonte Cristo will turn 
the camps of the Cascades into active producers, and lend a powerful impulse to the growth of Western 
Washington. Both of these roads reach tide water at Everett, and here the Puget Sound Reduction 
Company has erected the largest smelting works this side of the Cascades. Everett is thus made the focal 
point of the mining activity of the western half of the State. 

Monte Cristo. 

Lying about thirty miles due east from Everett, and buried in the very heart of the Cascades, the 
district of Monte Cristo has but a single point of access — to the west. Made up of two broad parallel 
basins that have Ijeen chiseletl out by the resistless glaciers, and shut in by giant mountain walls, the 
district presents an object of rare beauty and majesty. The action of the glaciers has cut the ledges 
sharply across their face, exposing the veins to a depth ranging from 2,000 to 4,000 feet. It can hardly 
be doubted that Monte Cristo will take rank with the great bonanza camps, for it is conservatively true 



that perhaps no camp in the United States was ever opened up with so great a surl^ace showing, The 
veins are traceable for miles on either side of the district and arc singularly parallel; their continuity, 
parallelism and the great depth to which they are exposed, gives every possible indication of their 
permanency. 

In general character the ores of Monte Cristo are constituted of galena and iron pyrite, the latter 
carrying heavily in gold. The ores run from 85.00 to S50.00 in gold, $10.00 to $go.oo in silver, and from 
8 per cent, to 58 per cent. lead. The Pride of the Mountains ledge varies from 8 to 28 feet in width, 
with 5 to 15 feet of solid mineral ; its bold out-crop, forming a great girdle of the mountains, may be traversed 
in a continuous distance for three-quarters of a mile. The ledge of the '76 is of even greater extent, 
ranging ir^nn 40 to 75 feet in width and exposed from the bottom of the basin, up the mountain side, 
till it is lost beneath the unmelting ice of a great glacier. Assays from across the 15 foot vein of the 
Monte Cristo mine hold to an average of S70.00 per ton. The Rainy, Congress, 4th of July and Emma 
Moore have shown fine development. The ore is of medium grade and of inmiense extent; in the strict 
sense of the mining term, there is enough "ore in sight" to mine for years to come. 

Much of the ore of the district is susceptible of concentration, and at the junction of the tun basins, 
where the townsite of INIonte Cristo lies, a concentrator is in course of construction that will cost $250,000. 
From here an extensive system of tramways, costing upwards of Jioo.ooo, reaches to the various mines 
Of the six principal companies operating in the district, the Monte Cristo, Rainy and Pride of the iVIountains 
companies are controlled by the Colby-Hoyt syndicate; Joseph L. Colby, of Cleveland, Ohio, is president; 
F. W. Wilmans, vice-president; Wm. C. Butler, general superintendent; and A. L. Dickerman, consulting 
engineer; C. H. Taylor, auditor and assistant secretary. The Wilmans brothers, of Seattle, own controlling 
interests in the Wilmans, Pearsall, and Pearsall-Blake companies. In all nearly $3,000,000 is being spent 



ill opening up the Monte Cristo mines, every dollar o[ which niust be expended before a dollar of return 
can be had. 

Fifteen miles below Monte Cristo, on the line of the Everett & Monte Cristo, the extensive district of 
Silver Gtdch and Crystal Creek supports the flourishing camp of Silverton, about which are many fine pros- 
pects. The districts of the Stillaguamish, Copper Lake and North Fork, reached liy the Everett & Monte 
Cristo, have been developed with much promise. 

Although the placer fields of Silver Creek were opened years ago, lack of cheap transportation prevented 
development of the quartz mines. It lies six miles immediately south of Monte Cristo, divided from it by 
only a clean range. In Silver Creek, with the contiguous districts of the Troublesome and Howard Creeks, 
over 2,000 locations have been made, a number of which have been opened up into fine mines. A spur from 
the Great Northern eight miles in length will reach Galena, the heart of the district, in the fall of 1893, "1"^' 
another short spur will reach the districts of the Sultan and Vesper Creeks. 

The Smelting Works. 

Everett, as the radial point from tide-water of the railroads reaching these districts, was the natural loca- 
tion for the smelting works. The Puget Sountl Reduction Company, made up of the leading owners of the 
Monte Cristo mines, was formed with a capital of $900,000. Joseph L. Colby is president, F. W. Wilmans. 
vice-president, Wm. C. Butler, general superintendent and A. L. Dickerman, consulting engineer. The site 
chosen is on the side hill at the extremity of the Peninsula, at a point reached by both the Great Northern 
and the Everett & Monte Cristo, The design of the works is such as to enable gravity handling throughout, 
the successive processes of reduction being placed one below the other. The buildings consist of a furnace 



building, 95 x5o; ore building, 114x112; sampling house, 60x40; roasting house, 88x163; sulphide mill, 
50 X 100; blower house, 28x70; boiler house, 39x50 feet. Three 80-ton stacks will be put in operation at 
once, and two improved roasters 
with a capacity of six of the old 
Ijattern. The present cost of 
the plant is $200,000, and 150 
men will be employed. The in- 
tention is to enlarge the works 
as the ore output demands. The 
smelter will handle the ores of 
the Cascades, and from the 
Okanogan country, east of the 
Cascades. At its wharf immedi- 
ately infront of theworks, it will 
receive consignments of foreign 
ore. The construction and 
equipment are of the latest and 
most approved models, and 
combine convenience and util- 
ity in the highest degree. The 
plant will have a capacity about 
three times that of any smelter 
this side of the Cascades. 




THE MOHAWK 



A FRESH WATER OCEAN HARBOR. 



THE City of Portland has for years maintained its supremacy over the ports of the North Pacific by 
reason of its fresh water harbor, in spite of the fact that it is 125 miles inland, and that the bar of the 
Columbia is dangerous of passage. Seattle will expend S4,ocx3,ooo in the construction of the Lake Wash- 
ington Canal, in case the government cannot be induced to do it for her. The growth of Calcutta to a 
greater city than Bombay is a familiar example of the influence of a fresh water harbor. 

The Snohomish, as it discharges its waters into Port Gardner, forms a broad delta, offering a fresh 
water harbor large enough to float all the ships of the Pacific. With but slight improvement, the three 
principal channels — the main river, Steamboat Slough and Ebey Slough — will offer perfect access to ocean 
going vessels, and, deep to their very banks, afford combined wharf frontage of thirty miles. The Snohomish 
River drains fifty or sixty miles of the western slope of the Cascades, and sends down a remarkable volume 
of water for its length. Steamboats run up to the town of Snohomish, six miles above Everett, and thence 
up thirty miles further. 

Again, in the harbor of Port Gardner, lying on the seaward side of the city, Everett has all the advantages 
of a salt water harbor. Extending from the point of Muckilteo to the mouth of the Snohomish, and shut 
in by the sheltering islands of Camano and Gedney, it offers secure harbor from the winds, while its 
gradually sloping bottom affords five miles of excellent wharfage and every desired depth of anchorage. 



Everett has been selected as the Puget Sound terminus of the John P. Best & Company line of packet 
vessels from Antwerp. Two first-class iron ships, the G. W. Wolff, 1,663 t°ns register, Capt. J. Cain, and the 
East Lothian, 1,389 tons register, Capt. W. Ross, have been placed on the line, and more will be added with 
the natural development of Puget Sound trade with Europe. Naturally, too, Everett will be the American 
terminus of the Steel Barge Company's line of whaleback steamers to the Orient. F"r(im three to five hun- 
dred miles nearer the ports of Japan, China and India than San Francisco, as well as two hundred and fifty 
miles nearer by rail to the cities of the Eastern States, it is evident that with the establishment of equal 
facilities, the immense and lucrative trade which has made San Francisco one of the largest and richest 
cities of the United States, will be turned to the ports of Puget Sound. It is inevitable. And in this 
accession of shipping trade Everett must perforce share largely, by reason of the position its heaviest 
industry, the barge works, will take in the establishment of these shipping facilities. The future comple- 
tion, too, of the Nicaraugua Canal, cutting off 8,000 miles in the distance from New York to Puget Sound, 
will give an immense impetus to Pacific coast shipping, and promote the development of as great and 
prosperous cities on the Pacific as on the Atlantic seaboard. The upbuilding of its industries of coal and 
iron, coke, steel, lumber, and all the variety of manufacturing, ship-building and commerce which follow 
in the wake of cheap fuel, abundant and accessible raw, material, perfect shipping facilities by rail and 
water, a salubrious climate and an energetic population, fixes on Western Washington and the cities of 
Puget Sound as the inevitable leaders in this development. That development, it should be further said, 
has hardly yet begun, and in the struggle for precedence Everett is fairly abreast of any of the Sound cities. 



RICH BOTTOM LANDS FOR FARMS. 



THE tide lands and bottom lands of the Snohomish, Stillaguamish and Skagit have a rich soil of great 
depth, whose yield appears almost incredible to the farmer of the Eastern states. Oats and barley are 
our special crop; oats yield 135 bushels and hay will cut four and five tons to the acre. The market 
is close, the demand heavy, and prices uniformly exxellent. Hops, fruit and truck gardening are even more 
profitable. Hops yield S300 to S500 per acre, according to the price; prunes from $300 to $800 per acre 
and other fruits in proportion; gardens give handsome returns, and chicken raising and butter making are 
especially profitable; eggs range from 25 cents to 40 cents per dozen, and butter a like price per pound. 
These two are exceptional items, as the cost of living on Puget Sound is not otherwise high. 

Under the new law authorizing the bonding of counties for the reclamation of tide lands, about 7,000 
acres on the Snohomish delta are being diked; they are immediately tributary to Everett and offer fine 
opportunities for improvement as truck and hop farms. Above the tide flats the Snohomish drains a beautiful 
valley, where are many old farms and orchards. In the history of Puget Sound such a thing as failure or 
partial failure of crops has never occured. There are neither the frost of winter nor the scorching suns of 
summer, and the presence of grasshoppers or devastating insects, save hop-lice is unknown. The climate 
is that of the south of England, mild, equable and humid; snow is a rarity, storms few, and cyclones never. 
The air is singularly pure, vivifying and grateful. The summers are all June and winters all November. 



ON THE SOCIAL SIDE. 



L^VERETT, like Tacoma and Seattle, is settled largely with people from the Eastern states, who have 
I come to the Sound, either for enjoying its beautiful climate, or to take advantage of its unusual oppor- 
^~*"^ tunities for gaining wealth. Thus its development in its social side has in every way kept pace 
with its industrial growth. Its churches, schools and societies offer every adjunct to social life found in 
the established settlements of the older states. 

The school district of Everett, with a valuation of several millions, has been bonded for $74,000, one 
commodious building erected, and the second one commenced. Eleven teachers are now employed and 
450 pupils enrolled for the current year. The instruction includes all grades from Kindergarten and 
|)rimary to the grammar or high school. 

Six churches have thus far been organized, with excellent attendance. A Presbyterian church costing 
Si, 000 has been erected free from debt, and has an attendance of two hundred. The Methodist chapel, 
erected at a like expense and also free from debt, accommodating two hundred and fifty persons, is already 
too small for the attendance. The Episcopal church has erected a $1,500 chapel, and the Lutheran and 
Catholic edifices are under way. The Baptist society, with the aid of Eastern friends, purposes the erec- 
tion of one of the finest churches on the Sound. The land companies have given each organization, as it 
was perfected, generous and well located building sites. 

Among the secret societies the Masons, Odd Fellows and Knights of Pythias already have flourishing 
organizations. An athletic club has been organized with a good membership and has fitted up a commo- 
dious gymnasium. Gambling rooms are not allowed, and the place has none of that rough and lawless 
element that characterizes many new Westei'n towns. 





)rq 



PUBLIC FACILITIES. 



'Tl NUMBER OF HOTELS have already been erected, affording ample accommodations for visitors. 
l^ On the crest of the hill which rises from the shores of Puget Sound, and commanding a view of the 
V_ distant mountains and of the Sound fpr miles, the Everett Land Company has put up a large and 
modern hotel, the " Monte Cristo." It is lighted by electricity, heated with steam, and equipped with' all 
the conveniences and comforts to be found in a hotel of the first class. The structure cost $60,000, and 
in appointments is not surpassed by any on the Sound. Its table is one of the particularly attractive features. 
;The Great Northern, Postal and Western Union Telegraph Companies have offices in the city. A District 
Telegraph Messenger Service has been established, and the Sunset Telephone and Telegraph Company, 
owning the lines of the coast, connects Everett with the cities of the Sound and with Portland. 

A complete system of water mains supplies the city, water of great purity being obtained from wells 
near the Snohomish River. 

An electric street car system seven miles in length is in operation. The streets are lighted with 
electricity. A thoroughly organized fire department gives ample protection against fire. 

The Treasury Department has constituted Everett a sub-port of entry, which enables vessels in the 
foreignand coastwise trade to clear for and from this port, and a United States Bonded Warehouse has been 



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established. This must necessarily prove a very great convenience not only to the wire nail factory, which 
imported last year five thousand tons of rods, but also to others engaged in importing and exporting. 

A line of steamers between this place and San Francisco has been established and regular service 
secured. This will prove of great advantage to the merchants here who make purchases in San Francisco, 
and also to the industries that ship to that point. 

Newspapers. 

The journalistic field is well covered by three enterprising and well conducted weekly papers — the 
Everett News, the Everett Herald and the Everett Times. The News is a six column folio, while the 
Herald and Times are seven column folios in size. 

Banking Interests. 

In nothing is the condition of a city more accurately reflected than its Ijanks, and nothing tells better 
the story of Everett's growth. Seven banks have been organized during the year, with an aggregate 
capital paid up of $395,000. Three of these ai^e National banks and four arc under State control. The 
Everett National includes among its Eastern stockholders B. Lombard, Jr., of Boston, and Charles L. Colby 
and John D. Rockefeller, of New York. The others are on an equally solid footing, as will be observed in 
the following table which shows the condition of the banks on March 6, iSq^: 



Banks. 



NAME OF BANK 

Everett National 

First National 

Puget Sound National 

Bank of Everett 

Rucker Bank 

Hewitt-Lombard Bank 

Fidelity Trust & Savings Bank... 

TOTAL.S 



SI 00,000 

50,000 
50,000 
50,000 
100,000 
25,000 
50,000 



LOANS 

AND 

DISCOUNTS 

SI93.337-66 
75,046.16 
78,901.56 
73.568.71 
127,619.68 
26,240.18 
26,918.85 



DEPOSITS 

Si6s,545-27 
56,445-35 
78,721.02 
75.385-30 
65,748.90 

7.543-15 
26,532.83 



$425,000 



31,632.80 



?475.92i-82 










Msf: 



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.J5li?,tT5.JA\GW StVvC^ClV. 



A PREDICTION REALIZED. 



flit R. GARDNER COLBY, Treasurer of the Everett Land Company, while on a visit to Everett last 
j Vl spring, said: "I can assure you of the hearty interest that all the stockholders in New York take 
V_ in Everett, and in the work here. But Everett, as a manufacturing town, interests me more than 
anything else. On the broad and solid basis of the industries already established and those to come, I 
am sure the city will find a most solid growth. We have built a paper mill, and I think any of you who 
have any experience in manufacturing will say that we have the finest paper mill in the United States, 
if not in the world. The nail works you have seen in operation, and I arri sure that you will agree that 
we have the best in the country. At the barge works I saw wonderful activity to-day. Barges for the 
trade with Australia, China and Japan are to be built. The whaleback has come to stay. 

" I expect soon to see lines of freight and passenger steamers in operation between Everett and China 
and Japan. I do not say this as an idle boast, but I say it because I know there are gentlemen interested 
in the Everett Land Company who are at work on such a scheme, and you may expect to see very soon, 
such lines in operation. There are connected with the Everett Land Company many unusual names. 
Among them are Rowland Hazard, of Rhode Island, proprietor of some of the largest woolen mills of the 
country; E. J. Barney, of Dayton, Ohio, president of the second largest car works of the country; Charles 
Cook, of the Cook Locomotive Works, of Patterson, New Jersey; Edwin H. Abbot, president of the Wisconsin 
Central; D. S. Wegg, president of the Chicago and Northern Pacific; B. Lombard, Jr., president of the 
Lombard Investment Co.; J. C. Morse, president of the Illinois Steel Co.; Charles W. Wetmore, of Barlow 



& Wetmore; Joseph L. Colby, of Cleveland, Ohio; Charles L. Colby, Colgate Hoyt and John D. Rockefeller, 
of New York. I might continue. 

"The time is not far distant when Everett will be to the Pacific coast what Boston and Lowell are 
to Massachusetts in the East. This on account of its manufacturing and shipping. You wjll hear the 
whirl of the loom and factory wheel and will see the smoke of the iron and smelting furnaces on all sides, 
and all the indications of industrial activity." 

An unusual verification of Mr. Colby's prediction is to be found in a review of 

The Work of a Year. 

The Polk Directory Company give the population of Everett, as returned from the census made for 
their directory in October, 1892, as 4,500. Eighteen months ago but a narrow trail ran in the deep forest of 
the peninsula where now Hewitt Avenue stretches its broad expanse, graded and planked, and lined with 
many handsome brick blocks. 

The factories are here and the whirl of the wheels is heard. Upwards of a million and a half 
dollars have been expended in their construction, and a capital of over $3,000,000 invested in them. Everett 
is emphatically the manufacturing city of Puget Sound. 

The whalebacks are being built. Twelve miles of streets have been graded, eight miles planked, and 
thirteen miles supplied with sidewalks, all at a cost of §250,000. 

Six hundred acres have been cleared for the townsite of Everett at a cost of §50,000. Docks and 
wharves have cost §35,000 more. 

A complete system of water works has been constructed at a cost of $80,000. Nine miles of six, eight 
and ten-inch mains are supplied from a reservoir with a capacity of (300,000 gallons. 



The increase of the postoffice receipts has been from Si9-3i for quarter ending September 30, i? 
Si,667.6g for quarter ending eighteen months later, March 31, 1893. 

The following table will indicate, approximately, the increase in values: 

j88o i8go 1892 

Assessed Valuation, Snohomish County $408,901.00 $4,008,211.00 $9,914,611.00 

Assessed Valuation, Everett 56,788.00 2,850,000.00 



During the eighteen months 
something over $3,000,000 have 
been expended in actual im- 
provements in Everett. Of this, 
$1,500,000 have been employed 
in theconstructionof the various 
manufacturing establishments, 
$400,000 in public improvements, 
$300,000 in brick blocks, and the 
balance in the construction of 
wharves, trackage, railway ter- 
minals, business houses, hotels, 
residences and the like. 




THE EVERETT LAND COMPANY. 



No such city as Everett could have been built, and such an aiTay of important industries gathered 
together, in anything approaching so short a time, without the impulsion of some central, vivifying 
organization. That in the casi? of Everett is The Everett Land Company. The founder of this 
company is its president, Henry Hewitt, Jr., the treasurer of the St. Paul & Tacoma Lumber Company; 
E. B. Bartlett, of New York, is vice-president; Henry A. Schenck, of New York, is secretary; Gardner 
Colby, of New York, treasurer; and Schuyler Uuryee, late chief clerk of the U. S. Patent Office at Wash- 
ington, general manager. 

The company has a paid up capital of Si,ooo,ooo, and, as sketched heretofore in Mr. Gardner Colby's 
interview, includes among its stockholders many of the leading men and wealthiest figures of the financial 
world. It has interested many large industries in Everett, and it will interest many more. Almost the 
equivalent of its capital stock has already been derived from its real estate sales, all of which has promptly 
been put back in solid improvements for Everett. The result is seen in the liveliest and most promising 
city in the New Northwest. It is the company's modest purpose to make Everett the leading commer- 
cial and manufacturing city of Puget Sound, and if ample capital and intelligently directed energy will 
accomplish this, it will be done. 








^^Unju^Urt; 






_JJ 



a\i\a viffLLi^ s.jt'a.w.^. 



"The people do not realize the magnitude of this undertaking, or appreciate the extent of the forces that 
will build a great city here. We have enlisted the co-operation of many capitalists in this enterprise, as well 
as in the enterprises in Wisconsin, Michigan and elsewhere. Already we have spent about S5,ooo,ooo in what 
may be termed preliminary work in Everett, such as building railroads, purchasing and developing mining 
properties and establishing industries."- - i^row interview ivith Charles L. Colby. 



" Before locating the Pacific home of the " Whaleback," I went up and down the whole coast and I could 
find no more acceptable point for the works from the Isthmus of Panama to the Straits of Juan de Fuca. 
When I came out here months ago I camped at the mouth of the Snohomish river and I saw what you will 
see in the future, the greatest port made by God, to be finished by man. Every day that I looked at it I saw 
that it would make one of the finest harbors in the world for cheapness and convenience." — From speech of 
Capt. McDougall, inventor of the " Wlialcback." 



" With the output from the Monte Cristo Mines, and that from the Okanogan country and other parts of 
the State, Washington will soon rank as one of the great producers of the precious metals. You have thought 
that your timber and your wheat were your great wealth, but 1 think in a few years this State's metals will in 
bulk and in value be crowding close to those of Montana." — From interview with Joseph L. Colby. 



" Many of us have seen Chicago grow from a city of 100,000 people to its present size. What made this 
wonderful growth ? The country behind the city. That must make any city grow. You have here round 
about Everett, on the ground and under the ground, as great natural wealth as any portion of this continent. 
If I were going to name the wealthiest counties in this country, considering what is on the ground and under 
the ground, 1 would name Whatcom, Skagit, SNOHOMISH and Kmg." — Extract from speech ofjas. f. Hill, 
President Great Northern Railway. 



^^^-^z^W^^- 










MAP OF STATE OF WASHINGTON. 



•'The people do not realize the 
will build a yrcal city here. We h; 
as in the enterprises in Wisconsin, 
may he termed preliminary work 
iiroperties and establishing indust 

llefore locating the Pacilic li 
lind no more acceptable point fc 
When I came out here months a 
see in the future, the greatest port 
that it would make one of the fine 
Capt. McDoH^all, inventor of lite 

•• With the output from the M r 

the State, Washington will soon ra 1 

that your limber and your wheal ■ 
bulk and in value be crowding cli 

" Many of us have seen Chic 
wonderful growth ? The countr • 
about Everetl, on the ground an( 
If 1 were going to name the wea 
the ground, 1 would name Whatc 
Presidiiit Great Sorthem Rail- 



15S- 




LiMi^LtM 



LIBHAHY OF CONGRESS 




